![]() ![]() ![]() It can increase bone mass and improve osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, inducing apoptosis, reducing bone resorption, or promoting osteoblast proliferation and maturation. Gut microbiota has also been shown to be closely associated with osteoporosis and bone homeostasis metabolism. In the stomach and small intestine, the host-derived enzymes were unable to decompose polysaccharides into an absorbable monosaccharide, but the majority of them passed into the large intestine and influenced its structure function through gut microbiota fermentation. Osteoporosis can be effectively treated using non-digestible bioactive polysaccharides derived from natural plants with few side effects. Therefore, there is a need to find a better and more economical way to improve calcium absorption for more effective prevention and relief of osteoporosis. Organic calcium supplements are better absorbed and have less impact on the intestinal tract, but they are more expensive than inorganic calcium supplements. Inorganic calcium supplements have higher calcium content, but they may cause constipation and bloating and are poorly absorbed. Calcium supplements are also commonly applied to treat osteoporosis. However, bisphosphonates have side effects including ulceration, osteonecrosis of the jaw, and musculoskeletal pain. For example, bisphosphonates can inhibit the resorption of bone by osteoclasts and simultaneously enhance osteoblast differentiation, thereby promoting bone formation. ![]() Ĭommonly used drugs for osteoporosis treatment include bisphosphonates, estrogens, denosumab, and raloxifene, but all have certain side effects. The daily calcium consumption in most low- and middle-income nations is far below guidelines, and poor intake is even reported in special age groups such as teenagers in high-income nations. Inadequate calcium intake is a risk factor for osteoporosis. Osteoporosis and the consequent fragility of fractures lead to a reduced quality of life and place a large and growing economic burden on individuals and societies around the world. It is characterized by low bone mass and the destruction of bone tissue microstructure. Osteoporosis is one of the most common non-communicable human diseases worldwide today and the most common disease of the adult skeleton. This finding should become a solid foundation for the development of LA fermenting APS in functional foods. In conclusion, the LA fermenting APS can better improve calcium absorption and osteoporosis by increasing active metabolites and altering gut microbiota. ![]() Several key metabolites, including indicaxanthin, chlorogenic acid, and 3-hydroxymelatonin, may also be the key to the better improvement. This better performance may be due to the improved restoration of the relative abundance of specific bacteria associated with improved calcium absorption and osteoporosis such as Lactobacillus, Allobaculum, and UCG-005. We found that the fermentation solution (FS) intervention improved the calcium absorption, BMD, and bone microarchitecture in osteoporotic rats and resulted in better inhibition of osteoclast differentiation markers ACP-5 and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and promotion of osteoblast differentiation marker OCN. Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) and Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) have each been shown to have anti-osteoporotic activity, and the aim of this study was to further investigate whether the LA fermenting APS was more effective in improving calcium absorption and osteoporosis than the unfermented mixed solution (MS). ![]()
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